Valorization of Seafood Processing Discards: Bioconversion and Bio-Refinery Approaches

The seafood industry generates large volumes of waste. These include processing discards consisting shell, head, bones intestine, fin, skin, voluminous amounts wastewater discharged as effluents, and low-value under-utilized fish, which are caught by-catch commercial fishing operations. discards, rich in nutrients including proteins, amino acids, lipids containing good proportions polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), carotenoids, minerals. waste is, therefore, responsible for loss serious environmental hazards. It is important that the subjected to secondary valorization address problems. Although chemical processes available treatment, most these have inherent weaknesses. Biological treatments, however, environmentally friendly, safe, cost-effective. treatments based on bioconversion processes, help with recovery valuable ingredients from by-catch, without losing their bioactivities. Major make use microbial fermentations or actions exogenously added enzymes components. Recent developments algal biotechnology offer novel biotransformation single cell can be used feedstock also biofuel. Bioconversion options conjunction a bio-refinery approach potential eco-friendly economical management support sustainable production.